[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2241},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-\u002Flearn\u002Fdefault-and-keyword-arguments-explained":3},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":2234,"extension":2235,"meta":2236,"navigation":132,"path":2237,"seo":2238,"stem":2239,"__hash__":2240},"content\u002Flearn\u002Fdefault-and-keyword-arguments-explained.md","Default and Keyword Arguments Explained",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":2200},"minimark",[9,13,17,20,33,47,52,212,215,236,239,267,271,285,289,295,298,304,307,350,353,374,378,462,464,477,480,499,502,506,512,514,591,593,601,604,619,622,633,637,642,647,723,725,741,744,761,765,770,847,849,861,864,867,871,874,990,992,1008,1011,1039,1042,1046,1050,1053,1095,1098,1141,1144,1148,1151,1165,1169,1172,1245,1248,1301,1304,1308,1310,1362,1368,1382,1388,1392,1406,1410,1462,1465,1476,1480,1530,1532,1549,1552,1588,1592,1644,1646,1659,1661,1685,1689,1739,1741,1749,1753,1760,1771,1773,1793,1797,1808,1810,1904,1909,1917,1928,1932,1935,1952,1955,2028,2031,2057,2061,2065,2068,2072,2075,2079,2082,2084,2149,2153,2156,2160,2163,2167,2196],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"default-and-keyword-arguments-explained",[14,15,16],"p",{},"Default arguments and keyword arguments make Python functions easier to call.",[14,18,19],{},"They help you:",[21,22,23,27,30],"ul",{},[24,25,26],"li",{},"make some function inputs optional",[24,28,29],{},"write clearer function calls",[24,31,32],{},"avoid passing every value every time",[14,34,35,36,41,42,46],{},"This page explains what they are, how they work, and the main rules beginners should remember. If you are new to functions, start with ",[37,38,40],"a",{"href":39},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-functions-explained\u002F","Python functions explained"," or ",[37,43,45],{"href":44},"\u002Flearn\u002Ffunction-parameters-and-arguments-in-python\u002F","function parameters and arguments in Python",".",[48,49,51],"h2",{"id":50},"quick-example","Quick example",[53,54,59],"pre",{"className":55,"code":56,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"language-python shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter github-light github-dark","def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\ngreet(\"Sam\")\ngreet(\"Sam\", message=\"Hi\")\ngreet(name=\"Sam\", message=\"Welcome\")\n","python","",[60,61,62,106,127,134,151,180],"code",{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,64,67,71,75,79,83,86,89,93,97,101,103],"span",{"class":65,"line":66},"line",1,[63,68,70],{"class":69},"sbsja","def",[63,72,74],{"class":73},"sGLFI"," greet",[63,76,78],{"class":77},"sP7_E","(",[63,80,82],{"class":81},"sFwrP","name",[63,84,85],{"class":77},",",[63,87,88],{"class":81}," message",[63,90,92],{"class":91},"smGrS","=",[63,94,96],{"class":95},"sjJ54","\"",[63,98,100],{"class":99},"s_sjI","Hello",[63,102,96],{"class":95},[63,104,105],{"class":77},"):\n",[63,107,109,113,115,119,121,124],{"class":65,"line":108},2,[63,110,112],{"class":111},"sptTA","    print",[63,114,78],{"class":77},[63,116,118],{"class":117},"slqww","message",[63,120,85],{"class":77},[63,122,123],{"class":117}," name",[63,125,126],{"class":77},")\n",[63,128,130],{"class":65,"line":129},3,[63,131,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},true,"\n",[63,135,137,140,142,144,147,149],{"class":65,"line":136},4,[63,138,139],{"class":117},"greet",[63,141,78],{"class":77},[63,143,96],{"class":95},[63,145,146],{"class":99},"Sam",[63,148,96],{"class":95},[63,150,126],{"class":77},[63,152,154,156,158,160,162,164,166,169,171,173,176,178],{"class":65,"line":153},5,[63,155,139],{"class":117},[63,157,78],{"class":77},[63,159,96],{"class":95},[63,161,146],{"class":99},[63,163,96],{"class":95},[63,165,85],{"class":77},[63,167,88],{"class":168},"s99_P",[63,170,92],{"class":91},[63,172,96],{"class":95},[63,174,175],{"class":99},"Hi",[63,177,96],{"class":95},[63,179,126],{"class":77},[63,181,183,185,187,189,191,193,195,197,199,201,203,205,208,210],{"class":65,"line":182},6,[63,184,139],{"class":117},[63,186,78],{"class":77},[63,188,82],{"class":168},[63,190,92],{"class":91},[63,192,96],{"class":95},[63,194,146],{"class":99},[63,196,96],{"class":95},[63,198,85],{"class":77},[63,200,88],{"class":168},[63,202,92],{"class":91},[63,204,96],{"class":95},[63,206,207],{"class":99},"Welcome",[63,209,96],{"class":95},[63,211,126],{"class":77},[14,213,214],{},"Output:",[53,216,218],{"className":55,"code":217,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"Hello Sam\nHi Sam\nWelcome Sam\n",[60,219,220,226,231],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,221,222],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,223,225],{"class":224},"su5hD","Hello Sam\n",[63,227,228],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,229,230],{"class":224},"Hi Sam\n",[63,232,233],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,234,235],{"class":224},"Welcome Sam\n",[14,237,238],{},"In this example:",[21,240,241,251,264],{},[24,242,243,246,247],{},[60,244,245],{},"message=\"Hello\""," is a ",[248,249,250],"strong",{},"default argument",[24,252,253,256,257,260,261],{},[60,254,255],{},"message=\"Hi\""," and ",[60,258,259],{},"name=\"Sam\""," in the function call are ",[248,262,263],{},"keyword arguments",[24,265,266],{},"all three function calls are valid",[48,268,270],{"id":269},"what-this-page-teaches","What this page teaches",[21,272,273,276,279,282],{},[24,274,275],{},"What default arguments mean",[24,277,278],{},"What keyword arguments mean",[24,280,281],{},"How they make functions easier to call",[24,283,284],{},"How to avoid common mistakes when calling functions",[48,286,288],{"id":287},"what-is-a-default-argument","What is a default argument?",[14,290,291,292,294],{},"A ",[248,293,250],{}," is a parameter that already has a value.",[14,296,297],{},"If you do not pass that argument when calling the function, Python uses the default value instead.",[14,299,300,301,46],{},"This makes the parameter ",[248,302,303],{},"optional",[14,305,306],{},"Example:",[53,308,310],{"className":55,"code":309,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n",[60,311,312,336],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,313,314,316,318,320,322,324,326,328,330,332,334],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,315,70],{"class":69},[63,317,74],{"class":73},[63,319,78],{"class":77},[63,321,82],{"class":81},[63,323,85],{"class":77},[63,325,88],{"class":81},[63,327,92],{"class":91},[63,329,96],{"class":95},[63,331,100],{"class":99},[63,333,96],{"class":95},[63,335,105],{"class":77},[63,337,338,340,342,344,346,348],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,339,112],{"class":111},[63,341,78],{"class":77},[63,343,118],{"class":117},[63,345,85],{"class":77},[63,347,123],{"class":117},[63,349,126],{"class":77},[14,351,352],{},"Here:",[21,354,355,360,365],{},[24,356,357,359],{},[60,358,82],{}," is required",[24,361,362,364],{},[60,363,118],{}," is optional",[24,366,367,368,370,371],{},"if no ",[60,369,118],{}," is given, Python uses ",[60,372,373],{},"\"Hello\"",[48,375,377],{"id":376},"simple-default-argument-example","Simple default argument example",[53,379,381],{"className":55,"code":380,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\ngreet(\"Sam\")\ngreet(\"Sam\", \"Hi\")\n",[60,382,383,407,421,425,439],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,384,385,387,389,391,393,395,397,399,401,403,405],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,386,70],{"class":69},[63,388,74],{"class":73},[63,390,78],{"class":77},[63,392,82],{"class":81},[63,394,85],{"class":77},[63,396,88],{"class":81},[63,398,92],{"class":91},[63,400,96],{"class":95},[63,402,100],{"class":99},[63,404,96],{"class":95},[63,406,105],{"class":77},[63,408,409,411,413,415,417,419],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,410,112],{"class":111},[63,412,78],{"class":77},[63,414,118],{"class":117},[63,416,85],{"class":77},[63,418,123],{"class":117},[63,420,126],{"class":77},[63,422,423],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,424,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,426,427,429,431,433,435,437],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,428,139],{"class":117},[63,430,78],{"class":77},[63,432,96],{"class":95},[63,434,146],{"class":99},[63,436,96],{"class":95},[63,438,126],{"class":77},[63,440,441,443,445,447,449,451,453,456,458,460],{"class":65,"line":153},[63,442,139],{"class":117},[63,444,78],{"class":77},[63,446,96],{"class":95},[63,448,146],{"class":99},[63,450,96],{"class":95},[63,452,85],{"class":77},[63,454,455],{"class":95}," \"",[63,457,175],{"class":99},[63,459,96],{"class":95},[63,461,126],{"class":77},[14,463,214],{},[53,465,467],{"className":55,"code":466,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"Hello Sam\nHi Sam\n",[60,468,469,473],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,470,471],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,472,225],{"class":224},[63,474,475],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,476,230],{"class":224},[14,478,479],{},"What happens here:",[21,481,482,490],{},[24,483,484,487,488],{},[60,485,486],{},"greet(\"Sam\")"," uses the default value ",[60,489,373],{},[24,491,492,495,496],{},[60,493,494],{},"greet(\"Sam\", \"Hi\")"," replaces the default with ",[60,497,498],{},"\"Hi\"",[14,500,501],{},"Default arguments are useful when a function usually uses the same value, but sometimes needs a different one.",[48,503,505],{"id":504},"what-is-a-keyword-argument","What is a keyword argument?",[14,507,291,508,511],{},[248,509,510],{},"keyword argument"," is an argument passed using the parameter name.",[14,513,306],{},[53,515,517],{"className":55,"code":516,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\ngreet(name=\"Sam\", message=\"Hi\")\n",[60,518,519,543,557,561],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,520,521,523,525,527,529,531,533,535,537,539,541],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,522,70],{"class":69},[63,524,74],{"class":73},[63,526,78],{"class":77},[63,528,82],{"class":81},[63,530,85],{"class":77},[63,532,88],{"class":81},[63,534,92],{"class":91},[63,536,96],{"class":95},[63,538,100],{"class":99},[63,540,96],{"class":95},[63,542,105],{"class":77},[63,544,545,547,549,551,553,555],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,546,112],{"class":111},[63,548,78],{"class":77},[63,550,118],{"class":117},[63,552,85],{"class":77},[63,554,123],{"class":117},[63,556,126],{"class":77},[63,558,559],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,560,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,562,563,565,567,569,571,573,575,577,579,581,583,585,587,589],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,564,139],{"class":117},[63,566,78],{"class":77},[63,568,82],{"class":168},[63,570,92],{"class":91},[63,572,96],{"class":95},[63,574,146],{"class":99},[63,576,96],{"class":95},[63,578,85],{"class":77},[63,580,88],{"class":168},[63,582,92],{"class":91},[63,584,96],{"class":95},[63,586,175],{"class":99},[63,588,96],{"class":95},[63,590,126],{"class":77},[14,592,214],{},[53,594,595],{"className":55,"code":230,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},[60,596,597],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,598,599],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,600,230],{"class":224},[14,602,603],{},"Here, Python matches values by parameter name:",[21,605,606,613],{},[24,607,608,610,611],{},[60,609,259],{}," goes to ",[60,612,82],{},[24,614,615,610,617],{},[60,616,255],{},[60,618,118],{},[14,620,621],{},"Keyword arguments are helpful because they:",[21,623,624,627,630],{},[24,625,626],{},"make code easier to read",[24,628,629],{},"show clearly what each value means",[24,631,632],{},"help when a function has several parameters",[48,634,636],{"id":635},"positional-arguments-vs-keyword-arguments","Positional arguments vs keyword arguments",[638,639,641],"h3",{"id":640},"positional-arguments","Positional arguments",[14,643,644,646],{},[248,645,641],{}," are matched by order.",[53,648,650],{"className":55,"code":649,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"def describe_pet(animal, name):\n    print(name, \"is a\", animal)\n\ndescribe_pet(\"cat\", \"Luna\")\n",[60,651,652,670,694,698],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,653,654,656,659,661,664,666,668],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,655,70],{"class":69},[63,657,658],{"class":73}," describe_pet",[63,660,78],{"class":77},[63,662,663],{"class":81},"animal",[63,665,85],{"class":77},[63,667,123],{"class":81},[63,669,105],{"class":77},[63,671,672,674,676,678,680,682,685,687,689,692],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,673,112],{"class":111},[63,675,78],{"class":77},[63,677,82],{"class":117},[63,679,85],{"class":77},[63,681,455],{"class":95},[63,683,684],{"class":99},"is a",[63,686,96],{"class":95},[63,688,85],{"class":77},[63,690,691],{"class":117}," animal",[63,693,126],{"class":77},[63,695,696],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,697,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,699,700,703,705,707,710,712,714,716,719,721],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,701,702],{"class":117},"describe_pet",[63,704,78],{"class":77},[63,706,96],{"class":95},[63,708,709],{"class":99},"cat",[63,711,96],{"class":95},[63,713,85],{"class":77},[63,715,455],{"class":95},[63,717,718],{"class":99},"Luna",[63,720,96],{"class":95},[63,722,126],{"class":77},[14,724,214],{},[53,726,728],{"className":55,"code":727,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"Luna is a cat\n",[60,729,730],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,731,732,735,738],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,733,734],{"class":224},"Luna ",[63,736,737],{"class":91},"is",[63,739,740],{"class":224}," a cat\n",[14,742,743],{},"Python matches:",[21,745,746,754],{},[24,747,748,751,752],{},[60,749,750],{},"\"cat\""," to ",[60,753,663],{},[24,755,756,751,759],{},[60,757,758],{},"\"Luna\"",[60,760,82],{},[638,762,764],{"id":763},"keyword-arguments","Keyword arguments",[14,766,767,769],{},[248,768,764],{}," are matched by parameter name.",[53,771,773],{"className":55,"code":772,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"def describe_pet(animal, name):\n    print(name, \"is a\", animal)\n\ndescribe_pet(name=\"Luna\", animal=\"cat\")\n",[60,774,775,791,813,817],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,776,777,779,781,783,785,787,789],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,778,70],{"class":69},[63,780,658],{"class":73},[63,782,78],{"class":77},[63,784,663],{"class":81},[63,786,85],{"class":77},[63,788,123],{"class":81},[63,790,105],{"class":77},[63,792,793,795,797,799,801,803,805,807,809,811],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,794,112],{"class":111},[63,796,78],{"class":77},[63,798,82],{"class":117},[63,800,85],{"class":77},[63,802,455],{"class":95},[63,804,684],{"class":99},[63,806,96],{"class":95},[63,808,85],{"class":77},[63,810,691],{"class":117},[63,812,126],{"class":77},[63,814,815],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,816,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,818,819,821,823,825,827,829,831,833,835,837,839,841,843,845],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,820,702],{"class":117},[63,822,78],{"class":77},[63,824,82],{"class":168},[63,826,92],{"class":91},[63,828,96],{"class":95},[63,830,718],{"class":99},[63,832,96],{"class":95},[63,834,85],{"class":77},[63,836,691],{"class":168},[63,838,92],{"class":91},[63,840,96],{"class":95},[63,842,709],{"class":99},[63,844,96],{"class":95},[63,846,126],{"class":77},[14,848,214],{},[53,850,851],{"className":55,"code":727,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},[60,852,853],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,854,855,857,859],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,856,734],{"class":224},[63,858,737],{"class":91},[63,860,740],{"class":224},[14,862,863],{},"This time, the order does not matter because the names are included.",[14,865,866],{},"Beginners should learn both styles because many Python functions allow both.",[48,868,870],{"id":869},"using-default-arguments-with-keyword-arguments","Using default arguments with keyword arguments",[14,872,873],{},"Default arguments and keyword arguments often work together.",[53,875,876],{"className":55,"code":56,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},[60,877,878,902,916,920,934,960],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,879,880,882,884,886,888,890,892,894,896,898,900],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,881,70],{"class":69},[63,883,74],{"class":73},[63,885,78],{"class":77},[63,887,82],{"class":81},[63,889,85],{"class":77},[63,891,88],{"class":81},[63,893,92],{"class":91},[63,895,96],{"class":95},[63,897,100],{"class":99},[63,899,96],{"class":95},[63,901,105],{"class":77},[63,903,904,906,908,910,912,914],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,905,112],{"class":111},[63,907,78],{"class":77},[63,909,118],{"class":117},[63,911,85],{"class":77},[63,913,123],{"class":117},[63,915,126],{"class":77},[63,917,918],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,919,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,921,922,924,926,928,930,932],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,923,139],{"class":117},[63,925,78],{"class":77},[63,927,96],{"class":95},[63,929,146],{"class":99},[63,931,96],{"class":95},[63,933,126],{"class":77},[63,935,936,938,940,942,944,946,948,950,952,954,956,958],{"class":65,"line":153},[63,937,139],{"class":117},[63,939,78],{"class":77},[63,941,96],{"class":95},[63,943,146],{"class":99},[63,945,96],{"class":95},[63,947,85],{"class":77},[63,949,88],{"class":168},[63,951,92],{"class":91},[63,953,96],{"class":95},[63,955,175],{"class":99},[63,957,96],{"class":95},[63,959,126],{"class":77},[63,961,962,964,966,968,970,972,974,976,978,980,982,984,986,988],{"class":65,"line":182},[63,963,139],{"class":117},[63,965,78],{"class":77},[63,967,82],{"class":168},[63,969,92],{"class":91},[63,971,96],{"class":95},[63,973,146],{"class":99},[63,975,96],{"class":95},[63,977,85],{"class":77},[63,979,88],{"class":168},[63,981,92],{"class":91},[63,983,96],{"class":95},[63,985,207],{"class":99},[63,987,96],{"class":95},[63,989,126],{"class":77},[14,991,214],{},[53,993,994],{"className":55,"code":217,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},[60,995,996,1000,1004],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,997,998],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,999,225],{"class":224},[63,1001,1002],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,1003,230],{"class":224},[63,1005,1006],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,1007,235],{"class":224},[14,1009,1010],{},"What each call does:",[21,1012,1013,1023,1031],{},[24,1014,1015,1017,1020,1021],{},[60,1016,486],{},[1018,1019],"br",{},"\nUses the default value for ",[60,1022,118],{},[24,1024,1025,1028,1030],{},[60,1026,1027],{},"greet(\"Sam\", message=\"Hi\")",[1018,1029],{},"\nOverrides the default value with a keyword argument",[24,1032,1033,1036,1038],{},[60,1034,1035],{},"greet(name=\"Sam\", message=\"Welcome\")",[1018,1037],{},"\nPasses both values by keyword",[14,1040,1041],{},"Using keywords is often clearer when you want to override an optional value.",[48,1043,1045],{"id":1044},"rules-beginners-should-remember","Rules beginners should remember",[638,1047,1049],{"id":1048},"_1-required-parameters-come-before-default-parameters","1. Required parameters come before default parameters",[14,1051,1052],{},"This is valid:",[53,1054,1055],{"className":55,"code":309,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},[60,1056,1057,1081],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1058,1059,1061,1063,1065,1067,1069,1071,1073,1075,1077,1079],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1060,70],{"class":69},[63,1062,74],{"class":73},[63,1064,78],{"class":77},[63,1066,82],{"class":81},[63,1068,85],{"class":77},[63,1070,88],{"class":81},[63,1072,92],{"class":91},[63,1074,96],{"class":95},[63,1076,100],{"class":99},[63,1078,96],{"class":95},[63,1080,105],{"class":77},[63,1082,1083,1085,1087,1089,1091,1093],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,1084,112],{"class":111},[63,1086,78],{"class":77},[63,1088,118],{"class":117},[63,1090,85],{"class":77},[63,1092,123],{"class":117},[63,1094,126],{"class":77},[14,1096,1097],{},"This is not valid:",[53,1099,1101],{"className":55,"code":1100,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"def greet(message=\"Hello\", name):\n    print(message, name)\n",[60,1102,1103,1127],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1104,1105,1107,1109,1111,1113,1115,1117,1119,1121,1123,1125],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1106,70],{"class":69},[63,1108,74],{"class":73},[63,1110,78],{"class":77},[63,1112,118],{"class":81},[63,1114,92],{"class":91},[63,1116,96],{"class":95},[63,1118,100],{"class":99},[63,1120,96],{"class":95},[63,1122,85],{"class":77},[63,1124,123],{"class":81},[63,1126,105],{"class":77},[63,1128,1129,1131,1133,1135,1137,1139],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,1130,112],{"class":111},[63,1132,78],{"class":77},[63,1134,118],{"class":117},[63,1136,85],{"class":77},[63,1138,123],{"class":117},[63,1140,126],{"class":77},[14,1142,1143],{},"Python will raise a syntax error because a required parameter cannot come after a default parameter.",[638,1145,1147],{"id":1146},"_2-you-cannot-place-a-non-default-parameter-after-a-default-parameter","2. You cannot place a non-default parameter after a default parameter",[14,1149,1150],{},"This is the same rule in another form:",[21,1152,1153,1159],{},[24,1154,1155,1156],{},"valid: ",[60,1157,1158],{},"def func(a, b=10):",[24,1160,1161,1162],{},"invalid: ",[60,1163,1164],{},"def func(a=10, b):",[638,1166,1168],{"id":1167},"_3-positional-arguments-must-come-before-keyword-arguments-in-a-call","3. Positional arguments must come before keyword arguments in a call",[14,1170,1171],{},"Valid:",[53,1173,1175],{"className":55,"code":1174,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\ngreet(\"Sam\", message=\"Hi\")\n",[60,1176,1177,1201,1215,1219],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1178,1179,1181,1183,1185,1187,1189,1191,1193,1195,1197,1199],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1180,70],{"class":69},[63,1182,74],{"class":73},[63,1184,78],{"class":77},[63,1186,82],{"class":81},[63,1188,85],{"class":77},[63,1190,88],{"class":81},[63,1192,92],{"class":91},[63,1194,96],{"class":95},[63,1196,100],{"class":99},[63,1198,96],{"class":95},[63,1200,105],{"class":77},[63,1202,1203,1205,1207,1209,1211,1213],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,1204,112],{"class":111},[63,1206,78],{"class":77},[63,1208,118],{"class":117},[63,1210,85],{"class":77},[63,1212,123],{"class":117},[63,1214,126],{"class":77},[63,1216,1217],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,1218,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,1220,1221,1223,1225,1227,1229,1231,1233,1235,1237,1239,1241,1243],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,1222,139],{"class":117},[63,1224,78],{"class":77},[63,1226,96],{"class":95},[63,1228,146],{"class":99},[63,1230,96],{"class":95},[63,1232,85],{"class":77},[63,1234,88],{"class":168},[63,1236,92],{"class":91},[63,1238,96],{"class":95},[63,1240,175],{"class":99},[63,1242,96],{"class":95},[63,1244,126],{"class":77},[14,1246,1247],{},"Invalid:",[53,1249,1251],{"className":55,"code":1250,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\n# greet(name=\"Sam\", \"Hi\")\n",[60,1252,1253,1277,1291,1295],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1254,1255,1257,1259,1261,1263,1265,1267,1269,1271,1273,1275],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1256,70],{"class":69},[63,1258,74],{"class":73},[63,1260,78],{"class":77},[63,1262,82],{"class":81},[63,1264,85],{"class":77},[63,1266,88],{"class":81},[63,1268,92],{"class":91},[63,1270,96],{"class":95},[63,1272,100],{"class":99},[63,1274,96],{"class":95},[63,1276,105],{"class":77},[63,1278,1279,1281,1283,1285,1287,1289],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,1280,112],{"class":111},[63,1282,78],{"class":77},[63,1284,118],{"class":117},[63,1286,85],{"class":77},[63,1288,123],{"class":117},[63,1290,126],{"class":77},[63,1292,1293],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,1294,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,1296,1297],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,1298,1300],{"class":1299},"sutJx","# greet(name=\"Sam\", \"Hi\")\n",[14,1302,1303],{},"The invalid call is wrong because a positional argument comes after a keyword argument.",[638,1305,1307],{"id":1306},"_4-do-not-pass-the-same-argument-twice","4. Do not pass the same argument twice",[14,1309,1247],{},[53,1311,1313],{"className":55,"code":1312,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\n# greet(\"Sam\", name=\"Alex\")\n",[60,1314,1315,1339,1353,1357],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1316,1317,1319,1321,1323,1325,1327,1329,1331,1333,1335,1337],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1318,70],{"class":69},[63,1320,74],{"class":73},[63,1322,78],{"class":77},[63,1324,82],{"class":81},[63,1326,85],{"class":77},[63,1328,88],{"class":81},[63,1330,92],{"class":91},[63,1332,96],{"class":95},[63,1334,100],{"class":99},[63,1336,96],{"class":95},[63,1338,105],{"class":77},[63,1340,1341,1343,1345,1347,1349,1351],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,1342,112],{"class":111},[63,1344,78],{"class":77},[63,1346,118],{"class":117},[63,1348,85],{"class":77},[63,1350,123],{"class":117},[63,1352,126],{"class":77},[63,1354,1355],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,1356,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,1358,1359],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,1360,1361],{"class":1299},"# greet(\"Sam\", name=\"Alex\")\n",[14,1363,1364,1365,1367],{},"Here, ",[60,1366,82],{}," gets a value twice:",[21,1369,1370,1376],{},[24,1371,1372,1375],{},[60,1373,1374],{},"\"Sam\""," by position",[24,1377,1378,1381],{},[60,1379,1380],{},"\"Alex\""," by keyword",[14,1383,1384,1385,46],{},"That causes a ",[60,1386,1387],{},"TypeError",[48,1389,1391],{"id":1390},"common-errors-and-confusing-cases","Common errors and confusing cases",[14,1393,1394,1395,1397,1398,256,1402,46],{},"A lot of problems with arguments lead to ",[60,1396,1387],{},". If you want a deeper explanation, see ",[37,1399,1401],{"href":1400},"\u002Ferrors\u002Ftypeerror-missing-required-positional-argument-fix\u002F","TypeError: missing required positional argument",[37,1403,1405],{"href":1404},"\u002Ferrors\u002Ftypeerror-unexpected-keyword-argument-fix\u002F","TypeError: unexpected keyword argument",[638,1407,1409],{"id":1408},"missing-a-required-argument","Missing a required argument",[53,1411,1413],{"className":55,"code":1412,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\n# greet()\n",[60,1414,1415,1439,1453,1457],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1416,1417,1419,1421,1423,1425,1427,1429,1431,1433,1435,1437],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1418,70],{"class":69},[63,1420,74],{"class":73},[63,1422,78],{"class":77},[63,1424,82],{"class":81},[63,1426,85],{"class":77},[63,1428,88],{"class":81},[63,1430,92],{"class":91},[63,1432,96],{"class":95},[63,1434,100],{"class":99},[63,1436,96],{"class":95},[63,1438,105],{"class":77},[63,1440,1441,1443,1445,1447,1449,1451],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,1442,112],{"class":111},[63,1444,78],{"class":77},[63,1446,118],{"class":117},[63,1448,85],{"class":77},[63,1450,123],{"class":117},[63,1452,126],{"class":77},[63,1454,1455],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,1456,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,1458,1459],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,1460,1461],{"class":1299},"# greet()\n",[14,1463,1464],{},"Why it fails:",[21,1466,1467,1471],{},[24,1468,1469,359],{},[60,1470,82],{},[24,1472,1473,1474],{},"no value was passed for ",[60,1475,82],{},[638,1477,1479],{"id":1478},"passing-the-same-parameter-twice","Passing the same parameter twice",[53,1481,1482],{"className":55,"code":1312,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},[60,1483,1484,1508,1522,1526],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1485,1486,1488,1490,1492,1494,1496,1498,1500,1502,1504,1506],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1487,70],{"class":69},[63,1489,74],{"class":73},[63,1491,78],{"class":77},[63,1493,82],{"class":81},[63,1495,85],{"class":77},[63,1497,88],{"class":81},[63,1499,92],{"class":91},[63,1501,96],{"class":95},[63,1503,100],{"class":99},[63,1505,96],{"class":95},[63,1507,105],{"class":77},[63,1509,1510,1512,1514,1516,1518,1520],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,1511,112],{"class":111},[63,1513,78],{"class":77},[63,1515,118],{"class":117},[63,1517,85],{"class":77},[63,1519,123],{"class":117},[63,1521,126],{"class":77},[63,1523,1524],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,1525,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,1527,1528],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,1529,1361],{"class":1299},[14,1531,1464],{},[21,1533,1534,1542],{},[24,1535,1536,1538,1539,1541],{},[60,1537,82],{}," already got ",[60,1540,1374],{}," as the first positional argument",[24,1543,1544,1545,1548],{},"then ",[60,1546,1547],{},"name=\"Alex\""," tries to assign it again",[14,1550,1551],{},"Python reports something like:",[53,1553,1555],{"className":55,"code":1554,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"TypeError: greet() got multiple values for argument 'name'\n",[60,1556,1557],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1558,1559,1562,1565,1567,1570,1573,1577,1580,1583,1585],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1560,1387],{"class":1561},"sZMiF",[63,1563,1564],{"class":77},":",[63,1566,74],{"class":117},[63,1568,1569],{"class":77},"()",[63,1571,1572],{"class":224}," got multiple values ",[63,1574,1576],{"class":1575},"sVHd0","for",[63,1578,1579],{"class":224}," argument ",[63,1581,1582],{"class":95},"'",[63,1584,82],{"class":99},[63,1586,1587],{"class":95},"'\n",[638,1589,1591],{"id":1590},"using-an-unexpected-keyword-name","Using an unexpected keyword name",[53,1593,1595],{"className":55,"code":1594,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\n# greet(username=\"Sam\")\n",[60,1596,1597,1621,1635,1639],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1598,1599,1601,1603,1605,1607,1609,1611,1613,1615,1617,1619],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1600,70],{"class":69},[63,1602,74],{"class":73},[63,1604,78],{"class":77},[63,1606,82],{"class":81},[63,1608,85],{"class":77},[63,1610,88],{"class":81},[63,1612,92],{"class":91},[63,1614,96],{"class":95},[63,1616,100],{"class":99},[63,1618,96],{"class":95},[63,1620,105],{"class":77},[63,1622,1623,1625,1627,1629,1631,1633],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,1624,112],{"class":111},[63,1626,78],{"class":77},[63,1628,118],{"class":117},[63,1630,85],{"class":77},[63,1632,123],{"class":117},[63,1634,126],{"class":77},[63,1636,1637],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,1638,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,1640,1641],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,1642,1643],{"class":1299},"# greet(username=\"Sam\")\n",[14,1645,1464],{},[21,1647,1648,1653],{},[24,1649,1650,1651],{},"the function has ",[60,1652,82],{},[24,1654,1655,1656],{},"it does not have ",[60,1657,1658],{},"username",[14,1660,1551],{},[53,1662,1664],{"className":55,"code":1663,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"TypeError: greet() got an unexpected keyword argument 'username'\n",[60,1665,1666],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1667,1668,1670,1672,1674,1676,1679,1681,1683],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1669,1387],{"class":1561},[63,1671,1564],{"class":77},[63,1673,74],{"class":117},[63,1675,1569],{"class":77},[63,1677,1678],{"class":224}," got an unexpected keyword argument ",[63,1680,1582],{"class":95},[63,1682,1658],{"class":99},[63,1684,1587],{"class":95},[638,1686,1688],{"id":1687},"mixing-positional-and-keyword-arguments-in-the-wrong-order","Mixing positional and keyword arguments in the wrong order",[53,1690,1691],{"className":55,"code":1250,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},[60,1692,1693,1717,1731,1735],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1694,1695,1697,1699,1701,1703,1705,1707,1709,1711,1713,1715],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1696,70],{"class":69},[63,1698,74],{"class":73},[63,1700,78],{"class":77},[63,1702,82],{"class":81},[63,1704,85],{"class":77},[63,1706,88],{"class":81},[63,1708,92],{"class":91},[63,1710,96],{"class":95},[63,1712,100],{"class":99},[63,1714,96],{"class":95},[63,1716,105],{"class":77},[63,1718,1719,1721,1723,1725,1727,1729],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,1720,112],{"class":111},[63,1722,78],{"class":77},[63,1724,118],{"class":117},[63,1726,85],{"class":77},[63,1728,123],{"class":117},[63,1730,126],{"class":77},[63,1732,1733],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,1734,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,1736,1737],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,1738,1300],{"class":1299},[14,1740,1464],{},[21,1742,1743,1746],{},[24,1744,1745],{},"positional arguments must come first",[24,1747,1748],{},"keyword arguments come after them",[48,1750,1752],{"id":1751},"beginner-tip-when-to-use-each-style","Beginner tip: when to use each style",[14,1754,1755,1756,1759],{},"Use ",[248,1757,1758],{},"positional arguments"," when:",[21,1761,1762,1765,1768],{},[24,1763,1764],{},"the function call is short",[24,1766,1767],{},"the meaning is obvious",[24,1769,1770],{},"the order is easy to remember",[14,1772,306],{},[53,1774,1776],{"className":55,"code":1775,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"print(\"Hello\")\n",[60,1777,1778],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1779,1780,1783,1785,1787,1789,1791],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1781,1782],{"class":111},"print",[63,1784,78],{"class":77},[63,1786,96],{"class":95},[63,1788,100],{"class":99},[63,1790,96],{"class":95},[63,1792,126],{"class":77},[14,1794,1755,1795,1759],{},[248,1796,263],{},[21,1798,1799,1802,1805],{},[24,1800,1801],{},"the function has several parameters",[24,1803,1804],{},"the meaning of each value is not obvious",[24,1806,1807],{},"you want the call to be easier to read",[14,1809,306],{},[53,1811,1813],{"className":55,"code":1812,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"def create_user(name, age, active=True):\n    print(name, age, active)\n\ncreate_user(name=\"Sam\", age=20, active=False)\n",[60,1814,1815,1844,1862,1866],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1816,1817,1819,1822,1824,1826,1828,1831,1833,1836,1838,1842],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1818,70],{"class":69},[63,1820,1821],{"class":73}," create_user",[63,1823,78],{"class":77},[63,1825,82],{"class":81},[63,1827,85],{"class":77},[63,1829,1830],{"class":81}," age",[63,1832,85],{"class":77},[63,1834,1835],{"class":81}," active",[63,1837,92],{"class":91},[63,1839,1841],{"class":1840},"s39Yj","True",[63,1843,105],{"class":77},[63,1845,1846,1848,1850,1852,1854,1856,1858,1860],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,1847,112],{"class":111},[63,1849,78],{"class":77},[63,1851,82],{"class":117},[63,1853,85],{"class":77},[63,1855,1830],{"class":117},[63,1857,85],{"class":77},[63,1859,1835],{"class":117},[63,1861,126],{"class":77},[63,1863,1864],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,1865,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,1867,1868,1871,1873,1875,1877,1879,1881,1883,1885,1887,1889,1893,1895,1897,1899,1902],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,1869,1870],{"class":117},"create_user",[63,1872,78],{"class":77},[63,1874,82],{"class":168},[63,1876,92],{"class":91},[63,1878,96],{"class":95},[63,1880,146],{"class":99},[63,1882,96],{"class":95},[63,1884,85],{"class":77},[63,1886,1830],{"class":168},[63,1888,92],{"class":91},[63,1890,1892],{"class":1891},"srdBf","20",[63,1894,85],{"class":77},[63,1896,1835],{"class":168},[63,1898,92],{"class":91},[63,1900,1901],{"class":1840},"False",[63,1903,126],{"class":77},[14,1905,1755,1906,1759],{},[248,1907,1908],{},"default values",[21,1910,1911,1914],{},[24,1912,1913],{},"a parameter usually has one common value",[24,1915,1916],{},"you want to make part of the function optional",[14,1918,1919,1920,256,1924,46],{},"If you want to practice more function calls, see ",[37,1921,1923],{"href":1922},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-default-arguments-in-python\u002F","how to use default arguments in Python",[37,1925,1927],{"href":1926},"\u002Flearn\u002Freturn-values-in-python-functions\u002F","return values in Python functions",[48,1929,1931],{"id":1930},"common-mistakes","Common mistakes",[14,1933,1934],{},"Beginners often make these mistakes:",[21,1936,1937,1940,1943,1946,1949],{},[24,1938,1939],{},"forgetting that default values make parameters optional, not required",[24,1941,1942],{},"placing a required parameter after a parameter with a default value",[24,1944,1945],{},"using a keyword name that does not match the function definition",[24,1947,1948],{},"mixing positional and keyword arguments in the wrong order",[24,1950,1951],{},"passing one argument by position and again by keyword",[14,1953,1954],{},"If you are unsure how a function is defined, these tools can help:",[53,1956,1958],{"className":55,"code":1957,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"help(function_name)\nprint(function_name.__defaults__)\nprint(function_name.__code__.co_varnames)\nprint(function_name.__code__.co_argcount)\n",[60,1959,1960,1972,1988,2009],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,1961,1962,1965,1967,1970],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,1963,1964],{"class":111},"help",[63,1966,78],{"class":77},[63,1968,1969],{"class":117},"function_name",[63,1971,126],{"class":77},[63,1973,1974,1976,1978,1980,1982,1986],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,1975,1782],{"class":111},[63,1977,78],{"class":77},[63,1979,1969],{"class":117},[63,1981,46],{"class":77},[63,1983,1985],{"class":1984},"s_hVV","__defaults__",[63,1987,126],{"class":77},[63,1989,1990,1992,1994,1996,1998,2001,2003,2007],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,1991,1782],{"class":111},[63,1993,78],{"class":77},[63,1995,1969],{"class":117},[63,1997,46],{"class":77},[63,1999,2000],{"class":1984},"__code__",[63,2002,46],{"class":77},[63,2004,2006],{"class":2005},"skxfh","co_varnames",[63,2008,126],{"class":77},[63,2010,2011,2013,2015,2017,2019,2021,2023,2026],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,2012,1782],{"class":111},[63,2014,78],{"class":77},[63,2016,1969],{"class":117},[63,2018,46],{"class":77},[63,2020,2000],{"class":1984},[63,2022,46],{"class":77},[63,2024,2025],{"class":2005},"co_argcount",[63,2027,126],{"class":77},[14,2029,2030],{},"What they show:",[21,2032,2033,2039,2045,2051],{},[24,2034,2035,2038],{},[60,2036,2037],{},"help(function_name)"," shows documentation if available",[24,2040,2041,2044],{},[60,2042,2043],{},"function_name.__defaults__"," shows default values",[24,2046,2047,2050],{},[60,2048,2049],{},"function_name.__code__.co_varnames"," shows parameter and local variable names",[24,2052,2053,2056],{},[60,2054,2055],{},"function_name.__code__.co_argcount"," shows how many positional parameters the function has",[48,2058,2060],{"id":2059},"faq","FAQ",[638,2062,2064],{"id":2063},"what-is-the-difference-between-default-and-keyword-arguments","What is the difference between default and keyword arguments?",[14,2066,2067],{},"A default argument gives a parameter a fallback value. A keyword argument is a way to pass a value using the parameter name.",[638,2069,2071],{"id":2070},"are-keyword-arguments-required-when-a-function-has-default-values","Are keyword arguments required when a function has default values?",[14,2073,2074],{},"No. You can still call the function positionally if the order is correct.",[638,2076,2078],{"id":2077},"can-i-skip-one-positional-argument-and-only-pass-a-later-one","Can I skip one positional argument and only pass a later one?",[14,2080,2081],{},"Not with positional arguments. Use a keyword argument to target a later parameter.",[14,2083,306],{},[53,2085,2087],{"className":55,"code":2086,"language":57,"meta":58,"style":58},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\ngreet(name=\"Sam\")\n",[60,2088,2089,2113,2127,2131],{"__ignoreMap":58},[63,2090,2091,2093,2095,2097,2099,2101,2103,2105,2107,2109,2111],{"class":65,"line":66},[63,2092,70],{"class":69},[63,2094,74],{"class":73},[63,2096,78],{"class":77},[63,2098,82],{"class":81},[63,2100,85],{"class":77},[63,2102,88],{"class":81},[63,2104,92],{"class":91},[63,2106,96],{"class":95},[63,2108,100],{"class":99},[63,2110,96],{"class":95},[63,2112,105],{"class":77},[63,2114,2115,2117,2119,2121,2123,2125],{"class":65,"line":108},[63,2116,112],{"class":111},[63,2118,78],{"class":77},[63,2120,118],{"class":117},[63,2122,85],{"class":77},[63,2124,123],{"class":117},[63,2126,126],{"class":77},[63,2128,2129],{"class":65,"line":129},[63,2130,133],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":132},[63,2132,2133,2135,2137,2139,2141,2143,2145,2147],{"class":65,"line":136},[63,2134,139],{"class":117},[63,2136,78],{"class":77},[63,2138,82],{"class":168},[63,2140,92],{"class":91},[63,2142,96],{"class":95},[63,2144,146],{"class":99},[63,2146,96],{"class":95},[63,2148,126],{"class":77},[638,2150,2152],{"id":2151},"why-does-python-say-got-multiple-values-for-argument","Why does Python say got multiple values for argument?",[14,2154,2155],{},"This usually means the same parameter was passed once by position and again by keyword.",[638,2157,2159],{"id":2158},"why-must-default-parameters-come-after-required-ones","Why must default parameters come after required ones?",[14,2161,2162],{},"Because Python matches positional arguments from left to right. Putting defaults first would make calls ambiguous.",[48,2164,2166],{"id":2165},"see-also","See also",[21,2168,2169,2173,2178,2183,2188,2192],{},[24,2170,2171],{},[37,2172,40],{"href":39},[24,2174,2175],{},[37,2176,2177],{"href":44},"Function parameters and arguments in Python",[24,2179,2180],{},[37,2181,2182],{"href":1926},"Return values in Python functions",[24,2184,2185],{},[37,2186,2187],{"href":1922},"How to use default arguments in Python",[24,2189,2190],{},[37,2191,1401],{"href":1400},[24,2193,2194],{},[37,2195,1405],{"href":1404},[2197,2198,2199],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sGLFI, html code.shiki .sGLFI{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sFwrP, html code.shiki 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.skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}",{"title":58,"searchDepth":108,"depth":108,"links":2201},[2202,2203,2204,2205,2206,2207,2211,2212,2218,2224,2225,2226,2233],{"id":50,"depth":108,"text":51},{"id":269,"depth":108,"text":270},{"id":287,"depth":108,"text":288},{"id":376,"depth":108,"text":377},{"id":504,"depth":108,"text":505},{"id":635,"depth":108,"text":636,"children":2208},[2209,2210],{"id":640,"depth":129,"text":641},{"id":763,"depth":129,"text":764},{"id":869,"depth":108,"text":870},{"id":1044,"depth":108,"text":1045,"children":2213},[2214,2215,2216,2217],{"id":1048,"depth":129,"text":1049},{"id":1146,"depth":129,"text":1147},{"id":1167,"depth":129,"text":1168},{"id":1306,"depth":129,"text":1307},{"id":1390,"depth":108,"text":1391,"children":2219},[2220,2221,2222,2223],{"id":1408,"depth":129,"text":1409},{"id":1478,"depth":129,"text":1479},{"id":1590,"depth":129,"text":1591},{"id":1687,"depth":129,"text":1688},{"id":1751,"depth":108,"text":1752},{"id":1930,"depth":108,"text":1931},{"id":2059,"depth":108,"text":2060,"children":2227},[2228,2229,2230,2231,2232],{"id":2063,"depth":129,"text":2064},{"id":2070,"depth":129,"text":2071},{"id":2077,"depth":129,"text":2078},{"id":2151,"depth":129,"text":2152},{"id":2158,"depth":129,"text":2159},{"id":2165,"depth":108,"text":2166},"Master default and keyword arguments explained in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.","md",{},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdefault-and-keyword-arguments-explained",{"title":5,"description":2234},"learn\u002Fdefault-and-keyword-arguments-explained","6eYaBxUUu3QPenVhGAqI1e8FOD-VzLg58hOpU0yhNoo",1777585497638]