[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2066},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-default-arguments-in-python":3},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":2059,"extension":2060,"meta":2061,"navigation":118,"path":2062,"seo":2063,"stem":2064,"__hash__":2065},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-default-arguments-in-python.md","How to Use Default Arguments in Python",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":2032},"minimark",[9,13,17,20,30,33,38,162,165,181,184,188,191,194,205,208,223,232,236,239,282,285,306,309,379,381,400,403,411,419,423,426,511,513,528,531,556,559,563,566,569,717,719,752,755,774,777,788,792,795,798,981,983,1071,1074,1085,1089,1092,1109,1117,1121,1124,1127,1222,1224,1265,1271,1274,1279,1286,1399,1401,1430,1433,1437,1441,1444,1447,1490,1493,1496,1539,1543,1549,1627,1630,1641,1645,1648,1650,1716,1726,1728,1793,1802,1806,1809,1821,1825,1828,1845,1848,1919,1922,1948,1952,1956,1959,1963,1966,1970,1973,1977,1980,1984,1989,1993,2028],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"how-to-use-default-arguments-in-python",[14,15,16],"p",{},"Default arguments let you give a function parameter a starting value in the function definition.",[14,18,19],{},"This means a function can work in two ways:",[21,22,23,27],"ul",{},[24,25,26],"li",{},"with the argument you pass in",[24,28,29],{},"or with a built-in fallback value",[14,31,32],{},"This is useful when one value is common, but you still want the option to change it.",[34,35,37],"h2",{"id":36},"quick-answer","Quick answer",[39,40,45],"pre",{"className":41,"code":42,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"language-python shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter github-light github-dark","def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\ngreet(\"Sam\")\ngreet(\"Sam\", \"Hi\")\n","python","",[46,47,48,92,113,120,137],"code",{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,50,53,57,61,65,69,72,75,79,83,87,89],"span",{"class":51,"line":52},"line",1,[49,54,56],{"class":55},"sbsja","def",[49,58,60],{"class":59},"sGLFI"," greet",[49,62,64],{"class":63},"sP7_E","(",[49,66,68],{"class":67},"sFwrP","name",[49,70,71],{"class":63},",",[49,73,74],{"class":67}," message",[49,76,78],{"class":77},"smGrS","=",[49,80,82],{"class":81},"sjJ54","\"",[49,84,86],{"class":85},"s_sjI","Hello",[49,88,82],{"class":81},[49,90,91],{"class":63},"):\n",[49,93,95,99,101,105,107,110],{"class":51,"line":94},2,[49,96,98],{"class":97},"sptTA","    print",[49,100,64],{"class":63},[49,102,104],{"class":103},"slqww","message",[49,106,71],{"class":63},[49,108,109],{"class":103}," name",[49,111,112],{"class":63},")\n",[49,114,116],{"class":51,"line":115},3,[49,117,119],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":118},true,"\n",[49,121,123,126,128,130,133,135],{"class":51,"line":122},4,[49,124,125],{"class":103},"greet",[49,127,64],{"class":63},[49,129,82],{"class":81},[49,131,132],{"class":85},"Sam",[49,134,82],{"class":81},[49,136,112],{"class":63},[49,138,140,142,144,146,148,150,152,155,158,160],{"class":51,"line":139},5,[49,141,125],{"class":103},[49,143,64],{"class":63},[49,145,82],{"class":81},[49,147,132],{"class":85},[49,149,82],{"class":81},[49,151,71],{"class":63},[49,153,154],{"class":81}," \"",[49,156,157],{"class":85},"Hi",[49,159,82],{"class":81},[49,161,112],{"class":63},[14,163,164],{},"Output:",[39,166,168],{"className":41,"code":167,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"Hello Sam\nHi Sam\n",[46,169,170,176],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,171,172],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,173,175],{"class":174},"su5hD","Hello Sam\n",[49,177,178],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,179,180],{"class":174},"Hi Sam\n",[14,182,183],{},"Set the default value in the function definition. If no value is passed for that parameter, Python uses the default.",[34,185,187],{"id":186},"what-default-arguments-do","What default arguments do",[14,189,190],{},"A default argument gives a parameter a value before the function is called.",[14,192,193],{},"That means:",[21,195,196,199,202],{},[24,197,198],{},"the caller can skip that argument",[24,200,201],{},"the function still works",[24,203,204],{},"the caller can override the default by passing a different value",[14,206,207],{},"This is helpful when a function usually uses the same value.",[14,209,210,211,214,215,218,219,222],{},"For example, many greeting messages might use ",[46,212,213],{},"\"Hello\""," most of the time, but sometimes you want ",[46,216,217],{},"\"Hi\""," or ",[46,220,221],{},"\"Welcome\""," instead.",[14,224,225,226,231],{},"If you are new to functions, see ",[227,228,230],"a",{"href":229},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-functions-explained","Python functions explained"," first.",[34,233,235],{"id":234},"basic-syntax","Basic syntax",[14,237,238],{},"Write the default directly in the function definition.",[39,240,242],{"className":41,"code":241,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"def func(a, b=10):\n    print(a, b)\n",[46,243,244,268],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,245,246,248,251,253,255,257,260,262,266],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,247,56],{"class":55},[49,249,250],{"class":59}," func",[49,252,64],{"class":63},[49,254,227],{"class":67},[49,256,71],{"class":63},[49,258,259],{"class":67}," b",[49,261,78],{"class":77},[49,263,265],{"class":264},"srdBf","10",[49,267,91],{"class":63},[49,269,270,272,274,276,278,280],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,271,98],{"class":97},[49,273,64],{"class":63},[49,275,227],{"class":103},[49,277,71],{"class":63},[49,279,259],{"class":103},[49,281,112],{"class":63},[14,283,284],{},"In this example:",[21,286,287,292,298],{},[24,288,289,291],{},[46,290,227],{}," is required",[24,293,294,297],{},[46,295,296],{},"b"," is optional",[24,299,300,301,303,304],{},"if no value is given for ",[46,302,296],{},", Python uses ",[46,305,265],{},[14,307,308],{},"Example calls:",[39,310,312],{"className":41,"code":311,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"def func(a, b=10):\n    print(a, b)\n\nfunc(5)\nfunc(5, 20)\n",[46,313,314,334,348,352,364],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,315,316,318,320,322,324,326,328,330,332],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,317,56],{"class":55},[49,319,250],{"class":59},[49,321,64],{"class":63},[49,323,227],{"class":67},[49,325,71],{"class":63},[49,327,259],{"class":67},[49,329,78],{"class":77},[49,331,265],{"class":264},[49,333,91],{"class":63},[49,335,336,338,340,342,344,346],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,337,98],{"class":97},[49,339,64],{"class":63},[49,341,227],{"class":103},[49,343,71],{"class":63},[49,345,259],{"class":103},[49,347,112],{"class":63},[49,349,350],{"class":51,"line":115},[49,351,119],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":118},[49,353,354,357,359,362],{"class":51,"line":122},[49,355,356],{"class":103},"func",[49,358,64],{"class":63},[49,360,361],{"class":264},"5",[49,363,112],{"class":63},[49,365,366,368,370,372,374,377],{"class":51,"line":139},[49,367,356],{"class":103},[49,369,64],{"class":63},[49,371,361],{"class":264},[49,373,71],{"class":63},[49,375,376],{"class":264}," 20",[49,378,112],{"class":63},[14,380,164],{},[39,382,384],{"className":41,"code":383,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"5 10\n5 20\n",[46,385,386,393],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,387,388,390],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,389,361],{"class":264},[49,391,392],{"class":264}," 10\n",[49,394,395,397],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,396,361],{"class":264},[49,398,399],{"class":264}," 20\n",[14,401,402],{},"A good rule is:",[21,404,405,408],{},[24,406,407],{},"required parameters first",[24,409,410],{},"default parameters after them",[14,412,413,414,418],{},"This matches how ",[227,415,417],{"href":416},"\u002Flearn\u002Ffunction-parameters-and-arguments-in-python","function parameters and arguments in Python"," work.",[34,420,422],{"id":421},"create-a-function-with-one-default-argument","Create a function with one default argument",[14,424,425],{},"Here is a simple example with one default value:",[39,427,429],{"className":41,"code":428,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\ngreet(\"Maya\")\ngreet(\"Maya\", \"Welcome\")\n",[46,430,431,455,469,473,488],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,432,433,435,437,439,441,443,445,447,449,451,453],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,434,56],{"class":55},[49,436,60],{"class":59},[49,438,64],{"class":63},[49,440,68],{"class":67},[49,442,71],{"class":63},[49,444,74],{"class":67},[49,446,78],{"class":77},[49,448,82],{"class":81},[49,450,86],{"class":85},[49,452,82],{"class":81},[49,454,91],{"class":63},[49,456,457,459,461,463,465,467],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,458,98],{"class":97},[49,460,64],{"class":63},[49,462,104],{"class":103},[49,464,71],{"class":63},[49,466,109],{"class":103},[49,468,112],{"class":63},[49,470,471],{"class":51,"line":115},[49,472,119],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":118},[49,474,475,477,479,481,484,486],{"class":51,"line":122},[49,476,125],{"class":103},[49,478,64],{"class":63},[49,480,82],{"class":81},[49,482,483],{"class":85},"Maya",[49,485,82],{"class":81},[49,487,112],{"class":63},[49,489,490,492,494,496,498,500,502,504,507,509],{"class":51,"line":139},[49,491,125],{"class":103},[49,493,64],{"class":63},[49,495,82],{"class":81},[49,497,483],{"class":85},[49,499,82],{"class":81},[49,501,71],{"class":63},[49,503,154],{"class":81},[49,505,506],{"class":85},"Welcome",[49,508,82],{"class":81},[49,510,112],{"class":63},[14,512,164],{},[39,514,516],{"className":41,"code":515,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"Hello Maya\nWelcome Maya\n",[46,517,518,523],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,519,520],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,521,522],{"class":174},"Hello Maya\n",[49,524,525],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,526,527],{"class":174},"Welcome Maya\n",[14,529,530],{},"What happens here:",[21,532,533,537,544,550],{},[24,534,535,291],{},[46,536,68],{},[24,538,539,541,542],{},[46,540,104],{}," has a default value of ",[46,543,213],{},[24,545,546,549],{},[46,547,548],{},"greet(\"Maya\")"," uses the default",[24,551,552,555],{},[46,553,554],{},"greet(\"Maya\", \"Welcome\")"," replaces the default",[14,557,558],{},"This makes the function flexible without making every call longer.",[34,560,562],{"id":561},"use-multiple-default-arguments","Use multiple default arguments",[14,564,565],{},"A function can have more than one default parameter.",[14,567,568],{},"This is useful when several settings are optional.",[39,570,572],{"className":41,"code":571,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"def show_text(text, separator=\"-\", ending=\"!\"):\n    print(text + separator + ending)\n\nshow_text(\"Hello\")\nshow_text(\"Hello\", \"*\", \"?\")\nshow_text(\"Hello\", ending=\".\")\n",[46,573,574,616,637,641,656,688],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,575,576,578,581,583,586,588,591,593,595,598,600,602,605,607,609,612,614],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,577,56],{"class":55},[49,579,580],{"class":59}," show_text",[49,582,64],{"class":63},[49,584,585],{"class":67},"text",[49,587,71],{"class":63},[49,589,590],{"class":67}," separator",[49,592,78],{"class":77},[49,594,82],{"class":81},[49,596,597],{"class":85},"-",[49,599,82],{"class":81},[49,601,71],{"class":63},[49,603,604],{"class":67}," ending",[49,606,78],{"class":77},[49,608,82],{"class":81},[49,610,611],{"class":85},"!",[49,613,82],{"class":81},[49,615,91],{"class":63},[49,617,618,620,622,625,628,631,633,635],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,619,98],{"class":97},[49,621,64],{"class":63},[49,623,624],{"class":103},"text ",[49,626,627],{"class":77},"+",[49,629,630],{"class":103}," separator ",[49,632,627],{"class":77},[49,634,604],{"class":103},[49,636,112],{"class":63},[49,638,639],{"class":51,"line":115},[49,640,119],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":118},[49,642,643,646,648,650,652,654],{"class":51,"line":122},[49,644,645],{"class":103},"show_text",[49,647,64],{"class":63},[49,649,82],{"class":81},[49,651,86],{"class":85},[49,653,82],{"class":81},[49,655,112],{"class":63},[49,657,658,660,662,664,666,668,670,672,675,677,679,681,684,686],{"class":51,"line":139},[49,659,645],{"class":103},[49,661,64],{"class":63},[49,663,82],{"class":81},[49,665,86],{"class":85},[49,667,82],{"class":81},[49,669,71],{"class":63},[49,671,154],{"class":81},[49,673,674],{"class":85},"*",[49,676,82],{"class":81},[49,678,71],{"class":63},[49,680,154],{"class":81},[49,682,683],{"class":85},"?",[49,685,82],{"class":81},[49,687,112],{"class":63},[49,689,691,693,695,697,699,701,703,706,708,710,713,715],{"class":51,"line":690},6,[49,692,645],{"class":103},[49,694,64],{"class":63},[49,696,82],{"class":81},[49,698,86],{"class":85},[49,700,82],{"class":81},[49,702,71],{"class":63},[49,704,604],{"class":705},"s99_P",[49,707,78],{"class":77},[49,709,82],{"class":81},[49,711,712],{"class":85},".",[49,714,82],{"class":81},[49,716,112],{"class":63},[14,718,164],{},[39,720,722],{"className":41,"code":721,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"Hello-!\nHello*?\nHello-.\n",[46,723,724,733,743],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,725,726,728,730],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,727,86],{"class":174},[49,729,597],{"class":77},[49,731,732],{"class":174},"!\n",[49,734,735,737,739],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,736,86],{"class":174},[49,738,674],{"class":77},[49,740,742],{"class":741},"srjyR","?\n",[49,744,745,747,749],{"class":51,"line":115},[49,746,86],{"class":174},[49,748,597],{"class":77},[49,750,751],{"class":63},".\n",[14,753,754],{},"Here:",[21,756,757,766],{},[24,758,759,762,763],{},[46,760,761],{},"separator"," defaults to ",[46,764,765],{},"\"-\"",[24,767,768,762,771],{},[46,769,770],{},"ending",[46,772,773],{},"\"!\"",[14,775,776],{},"You can call the function:",[21,778,779,782,785],{},[24,780,781],{},"with only the required argument",[24,783,784],{},"by changing both defaults",[24,786,787],{},"or by changing just one of them",[34,789,791],{"id":790},"use-keyword-arguments-with-defaults","Use keyword arguments with defaults",[14,793,794],{},"Keyword arguments make function calls easier to read.",[14,796,797],{},"They are especially useful when a function has several optional parameters.",[39,799,801],{"className":41,"code":800,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"def print_info(name, age=0, city=\"Unknown\"):\n    print(\"Name:\", name)\n    print(\"Age:\", age)\n    print(\"City:\", city)\n\nprint_info(\"Sam\")\nprint_info(\"Sam\", city=\"London\")\nprint_info(\"Sam\", age=25, city=\"Paris\")\n",[46,802,803,840,859,878,897,901,916,944],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,804,805,807,810,812,814,816,819,821,824,826,829,831,833,836,838],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,806,56],{"class":55},[49,808,809],{"class":59}," print_info",[49,811,64],{"class":63},[49,813,68],{"class":67},[49,815,71],{"class":63},[49,817,818],{"class":67}," age",[49,820,78],{"class":77},[49,822,823],{"class":264},"0",[49,825,71],{"class":63},[49,827,828],{"class":67}," city",[49,830,78],{"class":77},[49,832,82],{"class":81},[49,834,835],{"class":85},"Unknown",[49,837,82],{"class":81},[49,839,91],{"class":63},[49,841,842,844,846,848,851,853,855,857],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,843,98],{"class":97},[49,845,64],{"class":63},[49,847,82],{"class":81},[49,849,850],{"class":85},"Name:",[49,852,82],{"class":81},[49,854,71],{"class":63},[49,856,109],{"class":103},[49,858,112],{"class":63},[49,860,861,863,865,867,870,872,874,876],{"class":51,"line":115},[49,862,98],{"class":97},[49,864,64],{"class":63},[49,866,82],{"class":81},[49,868,869],{"class":85},"Age:",[49,871,82],{"class":81},[49,873,71],{"class":63},[49,875,818],{"class":103},[49,877,112],{"class":63},[49,879,880,882,884,886,889,891,893,895],{"class":51,"line":122},[49,881,98],{"class":97},[49,883,64],{"class":63},[49,885,82],{"class":81},[49,887,888],{"class":85},"City:",[49,890,82],{"class":81},[49,892,71],{"class":63},[49,894,828],{"class":103},[49,896,112],{"class":63},[49,898,899],{"class":51,"line":139},[49,900,119],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":118},[49,902,903,906,908,910,912,914],{"class":51,"line":690},[49,904,905],{"class":103},"print_info",[49,907,64],{"class":63},[49,909,82],{"class":81},[49,911,132],{"class":85},[49,913,82],{"class":81},[49,915,112],{"class":63},[49,917,919,921,923,925,927,929,931,933,935,937,940,942],{"class":51,"line":918},7,[49,920,905],{"class":103},[49,922,64],{"class":63},[49,924,82],{"class":81},[49,926,132],{"class":85},[49,928,82],{"class":81},[49,930,71],{"class":63},[49,932,828],{"class":705},[49,934,78],{"class":77},[49,936,82],{"class":81},[49,938,939],{"class":85},"London",[49,941,82],{"class":81},[49,943,112],{"class":63},[49,945,947,949,951,953,955,957,959,961,963,966,968,970,972,974,977,979],{"class":51,"line":946},8,[49,948,905],{"class":103},[49,950,64],{"class":63},[49,952,82],{"class":81},[49,954,132],{"class":85},[49,956,82],{"class":81},[49,958,71],{"class":63},[49,960,818],{"class":705},[49,962,78],{"class":77},[49,964,965],{"class":264},"25",[49,967,71],{"class":63},[49,969,828],{"class":705},[49,971,78],{"class":77},[49,973,82],{"class":81},[49,975,976],{"class":85},"Paris",[49,978,82],{"class":81},[49,980,112],{"class":63},[14,982,164],{},[39,984,986],{"className":41,"code":985,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"Name: Sam\nAge: 0\nCity: Unknown\nName: Sam\nAge: 0\nCity: London\nName: Sam\nAge: 25\nCity: Paris\n",[46,987,988,999,1009,1019,1027,1035,1044,1052,1061],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,989,990,993,996],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,991,992],{"class":174},"Name",[49,994,995],{"class":63},":",[49,997,998],{"class":174}," Sam\n",[49,1000,1001,1004,1006],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,1002,1003],{"class":174},"Age",[49,1005,995],{"class":63},[49,1007,1008],{"class":264}," 0\n",[49,1010,1011,1014,1016],{"class":51,"line":115},[49,1012,1013],{"class":174},"City",[49,1015,995],{"class":63},[49,1017,1018],{"class":174}," Unknown\n",[49,1020,1021,1023,1025],{"class":51,"line":122},[49,1022,992],{"class":174},[49,1024,995],{"class":63},[49,1026,998],{"class":174},[49,1028,1029,1031,1033],{"class":51,"line":139},[49,1030,1003],{"class":174},[49,1032,995],{"class":63},[49,1034,1008],{"class":264},[49,1036,1037,1039,1041],{"class":51,"line":690},[49,1038,1013],{"class":174},[49,1040,995],{"class":63},[49,1042,1043],{"class":174}," London\n",[49,1045,1046,1048,1050],{"class":51,"line":918},[49,1047,992],{"class":174},[49,1049,995],{"class":63},[49,1051,998],{"class":174},[49,1053,1054,1056,1058],{"class":51,"line":946},[49,1055,1003],{"class":174},[49,1057,995],{"class":63},[49,1059,1060],{"class":264}," 25\n",[49,1062,1064,1066,1068],{"class":51,"line":1063},9,[49,1065,1013],{"class":174},[49,1067,995],{"class":63},[49,1069,1070],{"class":174}," Paris\n",[14,1072,1073],{},"Why keyword arguments help:",[21,1075,1076,1079,1082],{},[24,1077,1078],{},"they make the call clearer",[24,1080,1081],{},"you can override only the value you want",[24,1083,1084],{},"you do not need to remember the exact position of every optional argument",[34,1086,1088],{"id":1087},"rules-beginners-should-remember","Rules beginners should remember",[14,1090,1091],{},"Keep these rules in mind when using default arguments:",[21,1093,1094,1097,1100,1103,1106],{},[24,1095,1096],{},"Required parameters should come before default parameters.",[24,1098,1099],{},"A parameter with a default value is optional.",[24,1101,1102],{},"If you pass a value, it replaces the default.",[24,1104,1105],{},"Default values are set when the function is defined.",[24,1107,1108],{},"Avoid using changing objects like lists or dictionaries as defaults.",[14,1110,1111,1112,1116],{},"This is also important when writing functions that ",[227,1113,1115],{"href":1114},"\u002Flearn\u002Freturn-values-in-python-functions","return values in Python functions",", because clear parameters make functions easier to reuse.",[34,1118,1120],{"id":1119},"why-mutable-default-values-can-cause-bugs","Why mutable default values can cause bugs",[14,1122,1123],{},"One common beginner mistake is using a list or dictionary as a default value.",[14,1125,1126],{},"This looks harmless:",[39,1128,1130],{"className":41,"code":1129,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"def add_item(item, items=[]):\n    items.append(item)\n    return items\n\nprint(add_item(\"a\"))\nprint(add_item(\"b\"))\n",[46,1131,1132,1154,1170,1179,1183,1204],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,1133,1134,1136,1139,1141,1144,1146,1149,1151],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,1135,56],{"class":55},[49,1137,1138],{"class":59}," add_item",[49,1140,64],{"class":63},[49,1142,1143],{"class":67},"item",[49,1145,71],{"class":63},[49,1147,1148],{"class":67}," items",[49,1150,78],{"class":77},[49,1152,1153],{"class":63},"[]):\n",[49,1155,1156,1159,1161,1164,1166,1168],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,1157,1158],{"class":174},"    items",[49,1160,712],{"class":63},[49,1162,1163],{"class":103},"append",[49,1165,64],{"class":63},[49,1167,1143],{"class":103},[49,1169,112],{"class":63},[49,1171,1172,1176],{"class":51,"line":115},[49,1173,1175],{"class":1174},"sVHd0","    return",[49,1177,1178],{"class":174}," items\n",[49,1180,1181],{"class":51,"line":122},[49,1182,119],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":118},[49,1184,1185,1188,1190,1193,1195,1197,1199,1201],{"class":51,"line":139},[49,1186,1187],{"class":97},"print",[49,1189,64],{"class":63},[49,1191,1192],{"class":103},"add_item",[49,1194,64],{"class":63},[49,1196,82],{"class":81},[49,1198,227],{"class":85},[49,1200,82],{"class":81},[49,1202,1203],{"class":63},"))\n",[49,1205,1206,1208,1210,1212,1214,1216,1218,1220],{"class":51,"line":690},[49,1207,1187],{"class":97},[49,1209,64],{"class":63},[49,1211,1192],{"class":103},[49,1213,64],{"class":63},[49,1215,82],{"class":81},[49,1217,296],{"class":85},[49,1219,82],{"class":81},[49,1221,1203],{"class":63},[14,1223,164],{},[39,1225,1227],{"className":41,"code":1226,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"['a']\n['a', 'b']\n",[46,1228,1229,1244],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,1230,1231,1234,1237,1239,1241],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,1232,1233],{"class":63},"[",[49,1235,1236],{"class":81},"'",[49,1238,227],{"class":85},[49,1240,1236],{"class":81},[49,1242,1243],{"class":63},"]\n",[49,1245,1246,1248,1250,1252,1254,1256,1259,1261,1263],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,1247,1233],{"class":63},[49,1249,1236],{"class":81},[49,1251,227],{"class":85},[49,1253,1236],{"class":81},[49,1255,71],{"class":63},[49,1257,1258],{"class":81}," '",[49,1260,296],{"class":85},[49,1262,1236],{"class":81},[49,1264,1243],{"class":63},[14,1266,1267,1268,712],{},"Many beginners expect the second call to return just ",[46,1269,1270],{},"['b']",[14,1272,1273],{},"But the same list is reused across calls.",[1275,1276,1278],"h3",{"id":1277},"safer-version","Safer version",[14,1280,1281,1282,1285],{},"Use ",[46,1283,1284],{},"None"," as the default, then create a new list inside the function.",[39,1287,1289],{"className":41,"code":1288,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"def add_item(item, items=None):\n    if items is None:\n        items = []\n    items.append(item)\n    return items\n\nprint(add_item(\"a\"))\nprint(add_item(\"b\"))\n",[46,1290,1291,1312,1329,1339,1353,1359,1363,1381],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,1292,1293,1295,1297,1299,1301,1303,1305,1307,1310],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,1294,56],{"class":55},[49,1296,1138],{"class":59},[49,1298,64],{"class":63},[49,1300,1143],{"class":67},[49,1302,71],{"class":63},[49,1304,1148],{"class":67},[49,1306,78],{"class":77},[49,1308,1284],{"class":1309},"s39Yj",[49,1311,91],{"class":63},[49,1313,1314,1317,1320,1323,1326],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,1315,1316],{"class":1174},"    if",[49,1318,1319],{"class":174}," items ",[49,1321,1322],{"class":77},"is",[49,1324,1325],{"class":1309}," None",[49,1327,1328],{"class":63},":\n",[49,1330,1331,1334,1336],{"class":51,"line":115},[49,1332,1333],{"class":174},"        items ",[49,1335,78],{"class":77},[49,1337,1338],{"class":63}," []\n",[49,1340,1341,1343,1345,1347,1349,1351],{"class":51,"line":122},[49,1342,1158],{"class":174},[49,1344,712],{"class":63},[49,1346,1163],{"class":103},[49,1348,64],{"class":63},[49,1350,1143],{"class":103},[49,1352,112],{"class":63},[49,1354,1355,1357],{"class":51,"line":139},[49,1356,1175],{"class":1174},[49,1358,1178],{"class":174},[49,1360,1361],{"class":51,"line":690},[49,1362,119],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":118},[49,1364,1365,1367,1369,1371,1373,1375,1377,1379],{"class":51,"line":918},[49,1366,1187],{"class":97},[49,1368,64],{"class":63},[49,1370,1192],{"class":103},[49,1372,64],{"class":63},[49,1374,82],{"class":81},[49,1376,227],{"class":85},[49,1378,82],{"class":81},[49,1380,1203],{"class":63},[49,1382,1383,1385,1387,1389,1391,1393,1395,1397],{"class":51,"line":946},[49,1384,1187],{"class":97},[49,1386,64],{"class":63},[49,1388,1192],{"class":103},[49,1390,64],{"class":63},[49,1392,82],{"class":81},[49,1394,296],{"class":85},[49,1396,82],{"class":81},[49,1398,1203],{"class":63},[14,1400,164],{},[39,1402,1404],{"className":41,"code":1403,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"['a']\n['b']\n",[46,1405,1406,1418],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,1407,1408,1410,1412,1414,1416],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,1409,1233],{"class":63},[49,1411,1236],{"class":81},[49,1413,227],{"class":85},[49,1415,1236],{"class":81},[49,1417,1243],{"class":63},[49,1419,1420,1422,1424,1426,1428],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,1421,1233],{"class":63},[49,1423,1236],{"class":81},[49,1425,296],{"class":85},[49,1427,1236],{"class":81},[49,1429,1243],{"class":63},[14,1431,1432],{},"This is the safe pattern for optional lists and dictionaries.",[34,1434,1436],{"id":1435},"common-errors-and-how-to-fix-them","Common errors and how to fix them",[1275,1438,1440],{"id":1439},"_1-required-parameter-after-a-default-parameter","1. Required parameter after a default parameter",[14,1442,1443],{},"This causes a syntax error.",[14,1445,1446],{},"Wrong:",[39,1448,1450],{"className":41,"code":1449,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"def greet(message=\"Hello\", name):\n    print(message, name)\n",[46,1451,1452,1476],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,1453,1454,1456,1458,1460,1462,1464,1466,1468,1470,1472,1474],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,1455,56],{"class":55},[49,1457,60],{"class":59},[49,1459,64],{"class":63},[49,1461,104],{"class":67},[49,1463,78],{"class":77},[49,1465,82],{"class":81},[49,1467,86],{"class":85},[49,1469,82],{"class":81},[49,1471,71],{"class":63},[49,1473,109],{"class":67},[49,1475,91],{"class":63},[49,1477,1478,1480,1482,1484,1486,1488],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,1479,98],{"class":97},[49,1481,64],{"class":63},[49,1483,104],{"class":103},[49,1485,71],{"class":63},[49,1487,109],{"class":103},[49,1489,112],{"class":63},[14,1491,1492],{},"Python does not allow this because required parameters must come first.",[14,1494,1495],{},"Correct:",[39,1497,1499],{"className":41,"code":1498,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n",[46,1500,1501,1525],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,1502,1503,1505,1507,1509,1511,1513,1515,1517,1519,1521,1523],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,1504,56],{"class":55},[49,1506,60],{"class":59},[49,1508,64],{"class":63},[49,1510,68],{"class":67},[49,1512,71],{"class":63},[49,1514,74],{"class":67},[49,1516,78],{"class":77},[49,1518,82],{"class":81},[49,1520,86],{"class":85},[49,1522,82],{"class":81},[49,1524,91],{"class":63},[49,1526,1527,1529,1531,1533,1535,1537],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,1528,98],{"class":97},[49,1530,64],{"class":63},[49,1532,104],{"class":103},[49,1534,71],{"class":63},[49,1536,109],{"class":103},[49,1538,112],{"class":63},[1275,1540,1542],{"id":1541},"_2-passing-too-many-arguments","2. Passing too many arguments",[14,1544,1545,1546,712],{},"If a function only accepts a certain number of arguments, extra values raise a ",[46,1547,1548],{},"TypeError",[39,1550,1552],{"className":41,"code":1551,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\ngreet(\"Sam\", \"Hi\", \"Extra\")\n",[46,1553,1554,1578,1592,1596],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,1555,1556,1558,1560,1562,1564,1566,1568,1570,1572,1574,1576],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,1557,56],{"class":55},[49,1559,60],{"class":59},[49,1561,64],{"class":63},[49,1563,68],{"class":67},[49,1565,71],{"class":63},[49,1567,74],{"class":67},[49,1569,78],{"class":77},[49,1571,82],{"class":81},[49,1573,86],{"class":85},[49,1575,82],{"class":81},[49,1577,91],{"class":63},[49,1579,1580,1582,1584,1586,1588,1590],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,1581,98],{"class":97},[49,1583,64],{"class":63},[49,1585,104],{"class":103},[49,1587,71],{"class":63},[49,1589,109],{"class":103},[49,1591,112],{"class":63},[49,1593,1594],{"class":51,"line":115},[49,1595,119],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":118},[49,1597,1598,1600,1602,1604,1606,1608,1610,1612,1614,1616,1618,1620,1623,1625],{"class":51,"line":122},[49,1599,125],{"class":103},[49,1601,64],{"class":63},[49,1603,82],{"class":81},[49,1605,132],{"class":85},[49,1607,82],{"class":81},[49,1609,71],{"class":63},[49,1611,154],{"class":81},[49,1613,157],{"class":85},[49,1615,82],{"class":81},[49,1617,71],{"class":63},[49,1619,154],{"class":81},[49,1621,1622],{"class":85},"Extra",[49,1624,82],{"class":81},[49,1626,112],{"class":63},[14,1628,1629],{},"You would get an error because the function expects only one or two arguments.",[14,1631,1632,1633,1640],{},"If you see this kind of problem, a page like ",[227,1634,1636,1637],{"href":1635},"\u002Ferrors\u002Ftypeerror-missing-required-positional-argument-fix","fix ",[46,1638,1639],{},"TypeError: missing required positional argument"," may also help with argument-related errors.",[1275,1642,1644],{"id":1643},"_3-using-the-wrong-keyword-name","3. Using the wrong keyword name",[14,1646,1647],{},"Keyword names must match the parameter names exactly.",[14,1649,1446],{},[39,1651,1653],{"className":41,"code":1652,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"def print_info(name, age=0):\n    print(name, age)\n\nprint_info(\"Sam\", years=25)\n",[46,1654,1655,1675,1689,1693],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,1656,1657,1659,1661,1663,1665,1667,1669,1671,1673],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,1658,56],{"class":55},[49,1660,809],{"class":59},[49,1662,64],{"class":63},[49,1664,68],{"class":67},[49,1666,71],{"class":63},[49,1668,818],{"class":67},[49,1670,78],{"class":77},[49,1672,823],{"class":264},[49,1674,91],{"class":63},[49,1676,1677,1679,1681,1683,1685,1687],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,1678,98],{"class":97},[49,1680,64],{"class":63},[49,1682,68],{"class":103},[49,1684,71],{"class":63},[49,1686,818],{"class":103},[49,1688,112],{"class":63},[49,1690,1691],{"class":51,"line":115},[49,1692,119],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":118},[49,1694,1695,1697,1699,1701,1703,1705,1707,1710,1712,1714],{"class":51,"line":122},[49,1696,905],{"class":103},[49,1698,64],{"class":63},[49,1700,82],{"class":81},[49,1702,132],{"class":85},[49,1704,82],{"class":81},[49,1706,71],{"class":63},[49,1708,1709],{"class":705}," years",[49,1711,78],{"class":77},[49,1713,965],{"class":264},[49,1715,112],{"class":63},[14,1717,1718,1719,1721,1722,1725],{},"This raises a ",[46,1720,1548],{}," because ",[46,1723,1724],{},"years"," is not a parameter name.",[14,1727,1495],{},[39,1729,1731],{"className":41,"code":1730,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"def print_info(name, age=0):\n    print(name, age)\n\nprint_info(\"Sam\", age=25)\n",[46,1732,1733,1753,1767,1771],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,1734,1735,1737,1739,1741,1743,1745,1747,1749,1751],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,1736,56],{"class":55},[49,1738,809],{"class":59},[49,1740,64],{"class":63},[49,1742,68],{"class":67},[49,1744,71],{"class":63},[49,1746,818],{"class":67},[49,1748,78],{"class":77},[49,1750,823],{"class":264},[49,1752,91],{"class":63},[49,1754,1755,1757,1759,1761,1763,1765],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,1756,98],{"class":97},[49,1758,64],{"class":63},[49,1760,68],{"class":103},[49,1762,71],{"class":63},[49,1764,818],{"class":103},[49,1766,112],{"class":63},[49,1768,1769],{"class":51,"line":115},[49,1770,119],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":118},[49,1772,1773,1775,1777,1779,1781,1783,1785,1787,1789,1791],{"class":51,"line":122},[49,1774,905],{"class":103},[49,1776,64],{"class":63},[49,1778,82],{"class":81},[49,1780,132],{"class":85},[49,1782,82],{"class":81},[49,1784,71],{"class":63},[49,1786,818],{"class":705},[49,1788,78],{"class":77},[49,1790,965],{"class":264},[49,1792,112],{"class":63},[14,1794,1795,1796,712],{},"For more help with this specific problem, see ",[227,1797,1636,1799],{"href":1798},"\u002Ferrors\u002Ftypeerror-unexpected-keyword-argument-fix",[46,1800,1801],{},"TypeError: unexpected keyword argument",[1275,1803,1805],{"id":1804},"_4-mutable-defaults-keeping-old-data","4. Mutable defaults keeping old data",[14,1807,1808],{},"If a list or dictionary is changed inside the function, that changed object may be reused next time.",[14,1810,1281,1811,1813,1814,218,1817,1820],{},[46,1812,1284],{}," instead of ",[46,1815,1816],{},"[]",[46,1818,1819],{},"{}"," as the default.",[34,1822,1824],{"id":1823},"common-mistakes","Common mistakes",[14,1826,1827],{},"These are the most common causes of problems with default arguments:",[21,1829,1830,1833,1836,1839,1842],{},[24,1831,1832],{},"Forgetting that default values make parameters optional",[24,1834,1835],{},"Putting non-default parameters after default parameters",[24,1837,1838],{},"Using a list or dictionary as a default value",[24,1840,1841],{},"Mixing positional and keyword arguments incorrectly",[24,1843,1844],{},"Assuming the default value is recreated on every call",[14,1846,1847],{},"If something looks wrong, these checks can help:",[39,1849,1851],{"className":41,"code":1850,"language":43,"meta":44,"style":44},"help(function_name)\nprint(function_name.__defaults__)\nprint(function_name.__code__.co_varnames)\nprint(type(value))\n",[46,1852,1853,1865,1881,1902],{"__ignoreMap":44},[49,1854,1855,1858,1860,1863],{"class":51,"line":52},[49,1856,1857],{"class":97},"help",[49,1859,64],{"class":63},[49,1861,1862],{"class":103},"function_name",[49,1864,112],{"class":63},[49,1866,1867,1869,1871,1873,1875,1879],{"class":51,"line":94},[49,1868,1187],{"class":97},[49,1870,64],{"class":63},[49,1872,1862],{"class":103},[49,1874,712],{"class":63},[49,1876,1878],{"class":1877},"s_hVV","__defaults__",[49,1880,112],{"class":63},[49,1882,1883,1885,1887,1889,1891,1894,1896,1900],{"class":51,"line":115},[49,1884,1187],{"class":97},[49,1886,64],{"class":63},[49,1888,1862],{"class":103},[49,1890,712],{"class":63},[49,1892,1893],{"class":1877},"__code__",[49,1895,712],{"class":63},[49,1897,1899],{"class":1898},"skxfh","co_varnames",[49,1901,112],{"class":63},[49,1903,1904,1906,1908,1912,1914,1917],{"class":51,"line":122},[49,1905,1187],{"class":97},[49,1907,64],{"class":63},[49,1909,1911],{"class":1910},"sZMiF","type",[49,1913,64],{"class":63},[49,1915,1916],{"class":103},"value",[49,1918,1203],{"class":63},[14,1920,1921],{},"What these do:",[21,1923,1924,1930,1936,1942],{},[24,1925,1926,1929],{},[46,1927,1928],{},"help(function_name)"," shows how the function should be called",[24,1931,1932,1935],{},[46,1933,1934],{},"function_name.__defaults__"," shows the current default values",[24,1937,1938,1941],{},[46,1939,1940],{},"function_name.__code__.co_varnames"," shows the function's variable names",[24,1943,1944,1947],{},[46,1945,1946],{},"type(value)"," helps confirm the kind of value you passed",[34,1949,1951],{"id":1950},"faq","FAQ",[1275,1953,1955],{"id":1954},"what-is-a-default-argument-in-python","What is a default argument in Python?",[14,1957,1958],{},"It is a parameter value written in the function definition that Python uses when no argument is provided for that parameter.",[1275,1960,1962],{"id":1961},"can-a-function-have-more-than-one-default-argument","Can a function have more than one default argument?",[14,1964,1965],{},"Yes. A function can have several optional parameters with default values.",[1275,1967,1969],{"id":1968},"why-should-required-parameters-come-first","Why should required parameters come first?",[14,1971,1972],{},"Python syntax requires parameters without defaults to come before parameters with defaults.",[1275,1974,1976],{"id":1975},"why-is-using-a-list-as-a-default-argument-a-problem","Why is using a list as a default argument a problem?",[14,1978,1979],{},"Because the same list can be reused across calls, which can keep old changes and cause unexpected results.",[1275,1981,1983],{"id":1982},"how-do-i-safely-use-a-list-as-an-optional-argument","How do I safely use a list as an optional argument?",[14,1985,1281,1986,1988],{},[46,1987,1284],{}," as the default, then create a new list inside the function if needed.",[34,1990,1992],{"id":1991},"see-also","See also",[21,1994,1995,2000,2004,2009,2015,2022],{},[24,1996,1997],{},[227,1998,1999],{"href":416},"Function parameters and arguments in Python",[24,2001,2002],{},[227,2003,230],{"href":229},[24,2005,2006],{},[227,2007,2008],{"href":1114},"Return values in Python functions",[24,2010,2011],{},[227,2012,2014],{"href":2013},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-a-simple-function-in-python\u002F","How to create a simple function in Python",[24,2016,2017],{},[227,2018,2019,2020],{"href":1635},"Fix ",[46,2021,1639],{},[24,2023,2024],{},[227,2025,2019,2026],{"href":1798},[46,2027,1801],{},[2029,2030,2031],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sGLFI, html code.shiki .sGLFI{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sFwrP, html code.shiki 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